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The United States surgeon-general has called on Congress to require warning labels on social media platforms similar to those mandatory on cigarette boxes.
In a Monday opinion piece in the The New York Times, Dr Vivek Murthy said that social media is a contributing factor in the mental health crisis among young people.
"It is time to require a surgeon general's warning label on social media platforms, stating that social media is associated with significant mental health harms for adolescents," Murthy said.
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"A surgeon-general's warning label, which requires congressional action, would regularly remind parents and adolescents that social media has not been proved safe.
"Evidence from tobacco studies show that warning labels can increase awareness and change behaviour."
Murthy said that the use of just a warning label wouldn't make social media safe for young people, but would be a part of the steps needed.
Social media use is prevalent among young Americans, with up to 95 per cent of youth ages 13 to 17 saying that they use a social media platform, and more than a third saying that they use social media "almost constantly", according to 2022 data from the Pew Research Centre.
"Social media today is like tobacco decades ago: It's a product whose business model depends on addicting kids. And as with cigarettes, a surgeon general's warning label is a critical step toward mitigating the threat to children," Josh Golin, executive director at Fairplay, an organisation that is dedicated to ending marketing to children, said in a statement.
Last year Murthy warned that there wasn't enough evidence to show that social media is safe for children and teens. He said at the time that policymakers needed to address the harms of social media the same way they regulate things like car seats, baby formula, medication and other products children use.
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To comply with US federal regulation, social media companies already ban kids under 13 from signing up for their platforms — but children have been shown to easily get around the bans, both with and without their parents' consent.
Other measures social platforms have taken to address concerns about children's mental health can also be easily circumvented. For instance, TikTok introduced a default 60-minute time limit for users under 18. But once the limit is reached, minors can simply enter a passcode to keep watching.
In Australia, Opposition Leader Peter Dutton has pledged to introduce a ban on social media access for under-16s within his first 100 days in office if the Coalition wins the next federal election.
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, who has called social media a "scourge", has said he would support a ban if it could be found to be effective.
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Murthy believes the impact of social media on young people should be a more pressing concern.
"Why is it that we have failed to respond to the harms of social media when they are no less urgent or widespread than those posed by unsafe cars, planes or food?" he wrote.
These harms are not a failure of willpower and parenting; they are the consequence of unleashing powerful technology without adequate safety measures, transparency or accountability."
In January the CEOs of Meta, TikTok, X and other social media companies went before the Senate Judiciary Committee to testify as parents worry that they're not doing enough to protect young people. The executives touted existing safety tools on their platforms and the work they've done with nonprofits and law enforcement to protect minors.
Murthy said on Monday that Congress needs to implement legislation that will protect young people from online harassment, abuse and exploitation and from exposure to extreme violence and sexual content.
"The measures should prevent platforms from collecting sensitive data from children and should restrict the use of features like push notifications, autoplay and infinite scroll, which prey on developing brains and contribute to excessive use," Murthy wrote.
Senators Marsha Blackburn and Richard Blumenthal supported Murthy's message on Monday.
"We are pleased that the surgeon-general — America's top doctor — continues to bring attention to the harmful impact that social media has on our children," the senators said in a prepared statement.
The surgeon general is also recommending that companies be required to share all their data on health effects with independent scientists and the public, which they currently don't do, and allow independent safety audits.
Murthy said schools and parents also need to participate in providing phone-free times and that doctors, nurses and other clinicians should help guide families toward safer practices.
While Murthy pushes for more to be done about social media in the United States, the European Union enacted groundbreaking new digital rules last year.
The Digital Services Act is part of a suite of tech-focused regulations crafted by the 27-nation bloc — long a global leader in cracking down on tech giants.
The DSA is designed to keep users safe online and make it much harder to spread content that's either illegal, like hate speech or child sexual abuse, or violates a platform's terms of service. It also looks to protect citizens' fundamental rights such as privacy and free speech.
Officials have warned tech companies that violations could bring fines worth up to 6 per cent of their global revenue — which could amount to billions — or even a ban from the EU.
