Yitzhak Rabin of Israel and Yasser Arafat of the PLO shake hands at the White House South Lawn after signing the Peace Accords, President Bill Clinton looks on.
The photo marking the moment is so enduring because it once seemed so unlikely. President Bill Clinton towered over two other men as he encouraged them to shake hands. Yitzhak Rabin, then Israeli prime minister, and Yasser Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), were smaller in stature than Clinton. To their separate and warring peoples, though, they were giants who seemed then to be on the verge of creating an historic agreement.
That was September 13, 1993. That picture, taken on the White House lawn after secret negotiations in Oslo, is remembered now perhaps as a time of great hope, but also as the start of a process that ultimately did not succeed.
Today, there is no lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians, there is no Palestinian state, and the Israeli occupation has expanded and deepened. Yet there is much to understand, to discuss and to learn from this moment in history.
Three decades later, we have made a three-part podcast series for The Conversation Weekly podcast to revisit what became known as the Oslo process.
One of us grew up in the region; the other travelled and worked there as a journalist during the second Palestinian intifada, or uprising, against Israeli occupation in the early 2000s. Now we both teach at City, University of London: one of us in international politics, the other in journalism. Our own personal experiences led us to make the region a focus of our academic research.
Part of our purpose in making this podcast series is to see what we can learn as researchers about relations between Israel and the Palestinians. We are also very keen to bring new insight through interviews with leading participants in the Oslo process.
Perhaps even more importantly, as educators now teaching students, many of whom don’t remember the era, we want to inform a new generation of what happened. It became clear to us, from our earliest conversations about the series, that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was increasingly coming up in discussions on campus – and we wanted to satisfy that curiosity.
Inside the negotiations
The series examines the key issues shaping the Oslo peace process, as it became to be known. It starts by exploring the secret phase of negotiations, which began in meetings between Israeli academics and official representatives of the PLO. How and why would the protagonists of this drama find themselves in a remote Norwegian wood rather than in Washington or perhaps Madrid, where official negotiations between Israel and Arab states were taking place? We talk to Jan Egeland, one of the Norwegian negotiators, about what he remembers – and the reaction when the secret talks became public.
We then move to looking at the peace process itself, which was kicked off by the September 1993 ceremony at the White House where the Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles was signed. The pomp and flair of the occasion may have given the impression that Rabin and Arafat had just concluded a peace agreement, but in fact their long and arduous journey had just begun. What shaped subsequent events? What were the factors preventing the Oslo Peace from yielding the ultimate goal of Israeli-Palestinian peace?
With the help of two of leading figures, Palestinian politician Hanan Ashrawi and Israeli politician Yossi Beilin, we trace the highs and lows of the Oslo process. They tell us what they believe shaped subsequent events, and what were the factors that prevents the Oslo process from yielding the ultimate goal of Israeli-Palestinian peace. Throughout, we’re well aware of the megaphone war, which too often stifles open debate upon this most crucial of episodes in Middle East history.
Looking at the Oslo peace process with the benefit of 30 years of hindsight is not only important for understanding how it evolved. It is also an excellent opportunity to assess the legacy of this period of intense negotiations, at what appears to be a critical historical juncture: a time when the peace process is all but non-existent; when a new generation of Palestinians is demanding change; when Israel is tense with internal political confrontation.
Having grown up on the notion that the so-called two-state solution is the only way to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we assess whether this formula is still viable. And if not, what lies ahead for Israel and the Palestinians as they begin writing the next chapter in their painful history.
To listen to the series, subscribe to The Conversation Weekly podcast.
The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
RACHEL Reeves is set to unveil an enormous spending spree, including bringing back winter fuel payments for millions of pensioners. The chancellor is expected to…
<img src="https://www.mtlblog.com/media-library/a-western-themed-bar-in-montreal-right-interior-of-snowbird-tiki-bar-in-montreal.jpg?id=58243101&width=980"/><br/><br/><p>What's better than enjoying a great cocktail with friends on a Saturday night in Montreal?</p><p>Sipping one in a bar that makes you forget you're in Montreal at all.</p><p>As Canada's unofficial <a href="https://www.mtlblog.com/tag/montreal-nightlife" target="_blank">nightlife capital</a>, the city is packed with trendy bars. But some go beyond just pouring drinks — they deliver full-on escapism. From neon-lit arcades to Southern-style honky-tonks, these immersive spots turn a simple night out into an experience.</p><p>Whether you want to time-travel, step into a movie scene, or just sip something strong in a setting with serious <em>vibes</em>, these <a href="https://www.mtlblog.com/tag/montreal-bars" target="_blank">Montreal bars</a> prove that atmosphere is everything.</p><h3>Snowbird Tiki Bar</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/C5Jvt2Rgqxz/" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/C5Jvt2Rgqxz/" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price: 💸 – 💸💸</p><p>Theme: Tropical</p><p>Address: 6388 St-Hubert, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go:</p><p>This neon-lit tropical hideaway is a go-to spot in La Petite-Patrie, and it's easy to see why. Entering Snowbird Tiki Bar feels like stepping into a trippy 60s surfer movie, complete with glowing totems, bold murals, and drinks served in decorative ceramic mugs. </p><p>If you're looking to escape Montreal's winter chill or just sip on a strong, rum-soaked cocktail in a place that feels like a fever dream of the South Pacific, this is the spot to do it.</p><p><a href="https://www.snowbirdtikibar.com/" target="_blank">Snowbird Tiki Bar website</a></p><h3>Vol de Nuit</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CdYApGJoSFS/" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CdYApGJoSFS/" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price:💸 – 💸💸💸</p><p>Theme: Vintage cabaret</p><p>Address: 14 Rue Prince-Arthur E, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go: </p><p>At Vol de Nuit, the line between past and present blurs in the best way possible. With its moody lighting, intricate fresco ceiling, and a touch of Parisian cabaret flair, this place feels like a secret hideout for night owls who appreciate a little old-school glamour. The cocktails are strong and sophisticated and the deep red walls cast just the right glow, giving the whole space an effortlessly romantic, almost cinematic vibe. </p><p>Throw in some live music and you may find it hard to leave. </p><p><a href="https://www.instagram.com/cabaret_voldenuit/?hl=en" target="_blank">Vol de Nuit Instagram page</a></p><h3>Spaghetti Western</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DApOdOaotIa/" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DApOdOaotIa/" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price: 💸 – 💸💸</p><p>Theme: Country</p><p>Address: 6390 St-Hubert, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go:</p><p>Opened in 2024, <a href="https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal-spaghetti-western-bar-country-music-fans" target="_blank">Spaghetti Western</a> brings country bar energy to the heart of Montreal with vintage saloon vibes, neon signs, and a rowdy but welcoming crowd. Expect classic country tunes, strong drinks, and the occasional line-dancing session. </p><p>Whether you're a Southerner at heart or just in the mood for something new, it's a spot that knows how to show guests a good time.</p><p>Be sure to bring a cowboy hat. We promise you won't look out of place.</p><p><a href="https://www.barspaghettiwestern.com/" target="_blank">Spaghetti Western website</a></p><h3>Arcade MTL</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DG6jqI8hrdF/?hl=en" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DG6jqI8hrdF/?hl=en" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price: 💸</p><p>Theme: Arcade</p><p>Address: 2031 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go:</p><p>Arcade MTL transports you back to the golden age of gaming, blending classic arcade ambiance with a modern bar twist. <span style="">As Montreal's first bar dedicated entirely to arcade and retro video games, it offers a selection of arcade machines and retro gaming consoles.</span> </p><p>Entry is $7 at the door, and then all the games are free, so you can battle it out in Pac-Man without worrying about quarters. They also offer free popcorn and coat check, and drinks are reasonably priced, making it an easy choice for a budget-friendly night out.</p><p><a href="https://quartierlatin.ca/en/commerces/arcade-mtl/" target="_blank">Arcade MTL web page</a></p><h3>Milky Way</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DEnjJLaxQ8a/?hl=en&img_index=1" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DEnjJLaxQ8a/?hl=en&img_index=1" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price: 💸 – 💸💸💸</p><p>Theme: Tropical/Futuristic</p><p>Address: 1886 Rue Centre, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go: </p><p>Tucked away in Pointe-Saint-Charles, Milky Way Bar is a tropical escape with a cosmic twist. With a glowing skylight overhead, playful decor, and a kaleidoscope of neon hues, stepping into this joint feels like entering a psychedelic space paradise. But the drinks are just as stellar as the setting.</p><p>It was also ranked one of <a href="https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal-bars-ginormous-cocktails-big" target="_self">Canada’s top 30 bars of 2024</a>.</p><p><span></span><a href="https://www.milkywaycocktails.com/" target="_blank">Milky Way website</a></p><h3>Le 4e Mur</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B9mdoGPFDOI/?hl=en" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B9mdoGPFDOI/?hl=en" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price:💸💸💸</p><p>Theme: Murder mystery</p><p>Address: 2021 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go:</p><p>Le 4e Mur isn't just a speakeasy — it's an immersive murder mystery experience hidden behind an unmarked door. To even find the entrance, you'll need to follow a series of detective-style clues.</p><p> Once inside, the dimly lit space oozes Prohibition-era charm, with expertly crafted cocktails and a moody, secretive atmosphere that makes you feel like you've stumbled into a noir film.</p><p><a href="https://www.narcity.com/=/" target="_blank">Le 4e Mur Website</a></p><h3>Taverne Cobra</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/C8jiuShu89A/?hl=en" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<div style="background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACwAAAAsCAMAAAApWqozAAAAGFBMVEUiIiI9PT0eHh4gIB4hIBkcHBwcHBwcHBydr+JQAAAACHRSTlMABA4YHyQsM5jtaMwAAADfSURBVDjL7ZVBEgMhCAQBAf//42xcNbpAqakcM0ftUmFAAIBE81IqBJdS3lS6zs3bIpB9WED3YYXFPmHRfT8sgyrCP1x8uEUxLMzNWElFOYCV6mHWWwMzdPEKHlhLw7NWJqkHc4uIZphavDzA2JPzUDsBZziNae2S6owH8xPmX8G7zzgKEOPUoYHvGz1TBCxMkd3kwNVbU0gKHkx+iZILf77IofhrY1nYFnB/lQPb79drWOyJVa/DAvg9B/rLB4cC+Nqgdz/TvBbBnr6GBReqn/nRmDgaQEej7WhonozjF+Y2I/fZou/qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); display:block; height:44px; margin:0 auto -44px; position:relative; top:-22px; width:44px;">
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<p style=" margin:8px 0 0 0; padding:0 4px;">
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/C8jiuShu89A/?hl=en" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price:💸 – 💸💸</p><p>Theme: Karaoke dive bar</p><p>Address: 6584 Boul. St Laurent, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go: </p><p>A retro-inspired dive bar with attitude, Taverne Cobra serves up cold beers, original cocktails and nightly karaoke chaos in Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie. </p><p>Decked out in old-school memorabilia and vintage neon signs, Cobra is the perfect spot to belt out a power ballad after a few rounds.</p><p><a href="https://www.tavernecobra.com/" target="_blank">Taverne Cobra website</a></p><h3>Bottes & Whiskey</h3><br/><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DAG38kWRsLA/" data-instgrm-version="4" style="background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:658px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);">
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DAG38kWRsLA/" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_top">See on Instagram</a>
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</blockquote><script async="" defer="" src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script><p>Price: 💸 – 💸💸</p><p>Theme: Country</p><p>Address: 2047 Avenue du Mont-Royal Est, Montreal, Quebec</p><p>Why you need to go:</p><p> In case the name didn't give it away, Bottes & Whiskey is a Western-themed bar. Since those are anything but commonplace in Montreal, we decided to include two on our list. </p><p>With live country music, line dancing, and an impressive whisky selection, this place captures the spirit of a true honky-tonk. A night here might just have you feeling like you've landed on Broadway Street in Nashville.</p><p><a href="https://botteswhiskey.com/?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAabWNXi-ys1LI7q1kSEKwjR-wvZgfO1yF5Za1TZLh4BUzuBF-faU2q_VxNU_aem_s8ZuuDxNOv3S3Bs_TBXq3Q" target="_blank">Bottes & Whiskey website</a></p><p><br/></p>
The Society for Family Health (SFH), has identified economic challenges as major threat to the fight against gender-based violence (GBV). Deputy managing director of the…